It is noteworthy that copper sulphate has lost none of its effectiveness over the centuries, neither have any harmful side effects been reported. Later, the Greek civilisation of the pre-Christian era of Hypocrates (circa 400 BC) saw the prescribing of copper sulphate for pulmonary diseases and by the 18th century AD it had come into wide clinical use in the western world, being employed for the treatment of mental disorders and afflictions of the lungs. Today, more than 5,000 years later, copper sulphate is still employed by the world's dyeing industry in the after treatment of certain dyes to improve their fastness to light and washing.Īnother equally early recorded use for copper compounds was for the making of ointments and other medical preparations. Records found in the tombs of the early Egyptians suggest that, at least, this ancient civilisation employed copper sulphate as a mordant in their dyeing process. To trace the history of copper compounds it would be necessary to go back much further than the fourth millennium BC. Water Filter, Vessel, Softner, Accessory-32 (188).Power Plant / Heavy Industries-37 (300).IMPA CODE-Cleaning Materials & Chemicals-55 (125).Floor Care ( Polish / Cleaner ) -13 (187).Drilling Fluids & Mud Oil Field chemicals-81 (397).This spring's new growth is initially resistant to infection and will not become susceptible until midsummer, around July. The second application, which protects the current season's new growth, is made after considerable new growth has taken place, usually around mid June. The first application should be done in mid May, and protects the existing needles from infection. Read and follow all label directions carefully before application. Infection of susceptible needles can be significantly reduced with liquid (Tenn-Cop 5E or Black Leaf Liquid Copper Fungicide) or fixed copper formulations (Basic copper sulfate or Tribasic Copper Sulfate) or with Bordeaux mixture applied twice during the growing season. Symptoms appear about three to four months after the first infection, usually becoming visible in late fall. Germinating spores enter the needles through natural openings and the infection process begins. Initial infection of the tree by fungal spores occurs during rainy periods from May to October. Usually the greatest amount of needle drop is seen in the late spring or early summer following infection. Lower branches of trees are most severely infected although the entire tree can be affected. Typically, clusters of needles within a shoot are infected. Initially, the tip of the needle dies while the base remains green, but eventually as the disease progresses, the base of the needle also dies, and the entire needle drops off the tree. The fungus grows within these tissues, killing that portion of the needle beyond the lesion. These bands are often bordered by a yellow, chlorotic ring on each side. These spots darken and become brown or reddish-brown then spread to form a band around the needle. Yellow or tan spots appear on needles of the current year's or older growth. Scotch pine is usually not severely damaged. Twenty pine species are affected by this disease, but in the central and eastern United States the fungus is found most commonly found on, and causes the greatest amount of damage, to Austrian and Ponderosa pine. This disease is responsible for much of the premature needle drop that occurs in windbreaks and ornamental pine plantings. One of the most common fungal diseases of pines in Nebraska is Dothistroma needle blight. My Austrian pine tree has a lot of brown needles.
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